Researchers at the College of Science and Technology of the University of Rwanda (UR-CST) have developed a new technology to monitor biogas performance and ensure optimal output. This system is expected to revive many non-functional biogas units in the country and increase the role of clean energy.
Biogas was introduced in Rwanda in 2007 to replace fuel from forests. However, many households stopped using it due to poor construction, insufficient maintenance, and lack of livestock manure. A 2021 UR-CST study found that out of 376 households with biogas, only 9% were fully functional, prompting researchers to develop a sustainable solution.
Dr. Ntaganda James, a UR-CST researcher, said, “We installed sensors to measure temperature, acidity, and humidity in the digester. When there is an issue, the system immediately sends a message to a phone, allowing the user or an expert to resolve it quickly.”
Dr. Ntaganda explained that using biogas reduces methane emissions from livestock manure and produces fertilizer that enriches soil, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.
Dr. Twahirwa Evariste, a member of the research team, added, “When biogas is well-monitored and manure is added regularly, it can last a long time and provide sufficient cooking energy.”
The technology also tracks daily biogas production, usage, and remaining capacity, helping households avoid reverting to firewood or charcoal. The system costs about 200 US dollars (around 260,000 Rwandan Francs), with potential for increased production if a market is available.
Byukusenge Prépetue, a parent using biogas, said, “I used to spend over six hours collecting firewood, but now I use cow manure, which gives me time to care for my children and handle other tasks that solve problems for me.”
Eng. Emmanuel Ndayambaje, a renewable energy expert, said, “This technology is a significant step in protecting the environment and reducing the use of harmful energy. It changes how Rwandans cook, protecting forests and saving resources.”
The government aims to reduce fuelwood usage to 42% by 2024, while a 2022 survey showed 76% of Rwandans still use firewood. Researchers emphasize that biogas is key to improving livelihoods and protecting the environment.
At the 30th Conference of the Parties (COP30) in Belém, Brazil, Rwanda highlighted its collaboration with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to integrate environmental policies into national development strategies. Discussions were held between Rwanda’s Minister of Environment, Dr. Arakwiye Bernadette, and IMF Deputy Managing Director, Bo Li. Dr. Arakwiye emphasized Rwanda’s commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 38% by 2030 and expanding renewable energy to 60% of the national energy mix by 2035.
To support these initiatives, the government, through the Green Fund (FONERWA), has invested over $250 million in 46 environmental projects, creating employment for more than 200,000 citizens.
Teresa Anderson, Global Lead on Climate Justice at ActionAid, raised concerns about the fund, stating, “This fund is like gambling in financial markets. Public resources are limited and should reach forest communities directly rather than being tied up in financial mechanisms that are not guaranteed to raise money or benefit people on the ground.” She added, “The initiative could place additional burdens on countries already struggling with debt and climate-related disasters, contradicting the principles of fair climate finance.”
Rwanda continues to be recognized as a model in Africa for implementing green economy policies, including promoting renewable energy, improving waste management, and conserving forests and water resources. Forests currently cover 30.4% of Rwanda’s land, with a target of reaching 35% by 2030.
